Guided Reading Activity 1-2 a Brief History of Psychology
While Malcolm X, Rosa Parks and of class Martin Luther King Jr. are all well-known leaders in America's civil rights movement, the accomplishments of that era were the work of more than just a few individuals. Thousands marched, organized, educated and more to build a better guild, and every bit a result, some leaders fell by the wayside of many of today'south history books. These are just some of the astonishing ceremonious rights leaders yous may take never learned most.
Claudette Colvin
Although Rosa Parks may be famous for refusing to give up her seat for a white human being, Claudette Colvin stood her ground 9 months earlier — and at the historic period of 15 rather than 42. She and three of her friends were sitting in a row when a white woman boarded the bus, and the driver demanded that all four of them move. 3 did. Claudette didn't.
She explained that it was her constitutional correct to sit down there. "It felt," Colvin afterward explained, "equally though Harriet Tubman'due south hands were pushing me down on i shoulder and Sojourner Truth's easily were pushing me downward on the other shoulder."
Colvin'south books were knocked from her hands, and she was manhandled off the bus and afterward placed in jail earlier beingness bailed out past her parents. The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) considered promoting her as a key figure in the fight against segregation, but it ultimately chose not to because she was a teenager. She too soon became pregnant, which organizers feared would distract from the broader struggle.
Even so, along with Aurelia Due south. Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith, Colvin became one of four plaintiffs in the case of Browder vs. Gayle, which saw Montgomery, Alabama's autobus policies thrown out as unconstitutional. Colvin moved to New York Metropolis 2 years later and became a nurse's adjutant.
While Martin Luther Rex Jr. was the face of the civil rights rallies of the '60s, Bayard Rustin was the man backside the scenes who organized them. Raised past his teenage mother and Quaker grandparents, he was drawn to the Young Communists League while attending New York's Urban center Higher during the 1930 because of their back up for racial equality. All the same, he left when the Communist Party shifted abroad from ceremonious rights work after 1941. He and then joined the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), co-founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and became an active campaigner for ceremonious rights.
Rustin's accomplishments are almost too numerous to list. He participated in Core's Journey of Reconciliation, the predecessor to the later on Freedom Rides that ended bussing segregation, and ended up on a concatenation gang equally a upshot. He used that experience to publish several newspaper articles that led to the reform of such gangs. In 1948, he went to India to see Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent practices in action, and he later on traveled to W Africa to work with dissimilar colonial independence movements. He became a shut counselor to Martin Luther Male monarch and played an instrumental role in everything from 1963's March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom to helping to draft King'due south Memoir, Step Toward Freedom.
Rustin became a target of J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI early because of his communist ties, and his 1953 confidence on charges of homosexual action caused tension even with other civil rights leaders. Nonetheless, Rustin connected his piece of work, and in the 1980s, he finally opened upwards about his sexuality. He played a primal role in getting the NAACP to take action confronting the AIDS crisis. He died in 1987.
Shirley Chisholm
Born to immigrant parents from British Guiana and Barbados, Shirley Chisholm graduated from Brooklyn College in 1946. She was an teaching consultant for New York City'south daycare arrangement and was active in the NAACP before representing Brooklyn in the New York'due south state legislature from 1964 to 1968. She then accomplished success on the national stage by winning election to the House of Representatives, where she remained until 1981. She was an ardent opponent of the Vietnam War and a supporter of abortion rights and the Equal Rights Subpoena.
Chisholm was also both the first Black person and beginning woman to run for the nomination of a major party in the United States. Though she only received 152 delegate votes at the 1972 Democratic National Convention, her run nevertheless foreshadowed fifty-fifty greater political accomplishments for women and people of color in the years and decades to come.
Benjamin Mays
Martin Luther Male monarch Jr. once described Benjamin Mays as his "spiritual mentor." Born in 1894 Hezekiah and Louvenia Carter, who were onetime slaves, Mays grew upwardly to go a doctorate from the University of Chicago and was ordained as a Baptist government minister. He later became president of Morehouse Higher.
While at Morehouse, Mays delivered weekly addresses at the college'south chapel, and it was these speeches that get-go drew a immature Martin Luther King Jr. to him. Rex began meeting with Mays to discuss theology and world affairs later on the weekly addresses, and Mays began to have Sun dinners with the Rex family.
Mays went on to be one of King's nearly prominent supporters. When mass arrests led King's father to ask him to step downwards every bit a leader in the Montgomery bus boycott, Mays vocally supported King's decision not to do so. He gave the benediction at the March on Washington for Jobs and Liberty in 1963. Even later on King'south assassination, Mays connected to fight for civil rights and became the first Black president of the Atlanta Board of Education.
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Like Mays, Nannie Helen Burroughs' parents had experienced the horrors of slavery firsthand. Afterwards her begetter died, she and her mother moved to Washington D.C. Burroughs performed well in school, but despite her success, she was unable to notice a job as a public school instructor. As a event, she decided to found her own school for Black American women without the means to pay for an education.
Some civil rights leaders of the time, such equally Booker T. Washington, doubted Burroughs' ability to raise money for the schoolhouse. Because of donations from local black women and their families, all the same, Burroughs was however successful, and the National Trade and Professional School for Women and Girls (NTPSG) in 1909 with the motto, "We specialize in the wholly impossible." At age 26, Burroughs was the first president.
The NTPSG was unusual in that it combined a classical teaching along with vocational skills meant to aid black women find jobs in modern society. Blackness history was also a required grade, a largely unprecedented move for the time. While the original school merely consisted of a small farmhouse, in 1928, it grew to include a larger building with 12 classrooms and additional facilities. Burroughs died in 1961, but her efforts to provide education and opportunity regardless of race or gender paved the way for further efforts to secure civil rights.
Source: https://www.reference.com/history/influential-civil-rights-leaders-fba3aa8663d7f466?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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